Application US20200006796

AQUEOUS POLYSULFIDE-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
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US20200006796

1. An electrochemical cell comprising: (12) (3)

a catholyte comprising a cathode active material dissolved in an electrolyte;

an anolyte comprising a polysulfide compound dissolved in an electrolyte; and

an ion-permeable separator configured to electrically insulate the anolyte from the catholyte.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises a manganese-based compound. (10) (0)

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the manganese-based compound comprises a permanganate compound, a manganate compound, or a combination thereof. (0)

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the manganese-based compound comprises potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), potassium manganate (K₂MnO₄), sodium permanganate (NaMnO₄), sodium manganate (Na₂MnO₄), lithium permanganate (LiMnO₄), lithium manganate (Li₂MnO₄), or any combination thereof. (0)

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the cathode active material comprises a mixture of KMnO₄and NaMnO₄. (0)

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the catholyte further comprises a compound configured to reduce self-discharge. (1) (0)

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the catholyte is substantially nickel-free. (0)

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the catholyte further comprises an additive configured to sequester nickel. (0)

10. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the separator comprises: (2) (2)

27. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the separator comprises a composite membrane comprising an inorganic material and an organic material. (2) (0)

30. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the positive electrode comprises a carbon-based material and a metal oxide coating layer configured to reduce oxidation of the carbon-based material by the cathode active material. (0)

32. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the cathode comprises an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrode that can be operated to convert manganate to permanganate. (0)

13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises an anion exchange membrane (AEM), a cation exchange membrane (CEM), a zwitterionic membrane, a porous membrane with average pore diameter smaller than 10 nanometers, a polybenzimidazole-based membrane, a polysulfone-based membrane, a polyetherketone-based membrane, a membrane including polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), or a combination thereof. (0)

14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein: (2) (2)

the cathode active material comprises an iron-cyanide based compound; and

the electrochemical cell is a static cell.

15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14, wherein the iron-cyanide based compound comprises a ferrocyanide compound, ferricyanide compound, or a combination thereof. (0)

16. The electrochemical cell of claim 14, wherein the iron-cyanide based compound comprises: (0) (2)

17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein at least one of the catholyte and the anolyte comprises sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃). (0)

18. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises a sulfur-based compound. (1) (0)

20. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises a transition metal sulfide. (0)

21. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein: (0) (2)

22. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein: (0) (2)

23. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises: (1) (2)

25. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises: (0) (2)

26. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, further comprising: (0) (2)

31. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein element sulfur is added periodically to the anode active material to recover capacity and rebalance the state of charge between anode and cathode. (0)

33. A power module, comprising: (2) (1)

a stack of electrochemical cells, the electrochemical cells each comprising: a catholyte comprising a cathode active material dissolved in an electrolyte;

an anolyte comprising a polysulfide compound dissolved in an electrolyte; and

an ion-permeable separator configured to electrically insulate the anolyte from the catholyte.

34. The power module of claim 33, wherein the cathode active material comprises a manganese-based compound, iron-cyanide based compound, or a sulfur-based compound. (2) (0)

35. The power module of claim 33, further comprising: (3) (4)

a catholyte tank fluidly connected to the electrochemical cells; and

an anolyte tank fluidly connected to the electrochemical cells,

wherein the catholyte flows between the catholyte tank and the electrochemical cells and the anolyte flows between the anolyte tank and the electrochemical cells, and

wherein the cathode active material comprises a manganese-based compound or a sulfur-based compound.

36. The power module of claim 35, further comprising a pump configured to increase an oxygen pressure applied to the catholyte, (0) (1)

37. The power module of claim 35, further comprising a plurality of catholyte tanks comprising the catholyte, wherein: (0) (3)

38. The power module of claim 35, wherein the separator comprises: (0) (2)

41. A bulk energy storage system, comprising: (2) (1)

at least one battery comprising a stack of electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising: a catholyte comprising a cathode active material dissolved in an electrolyte;

an anolyte comprising a polysulfide compound dissolved in an electrolyte; and

an ion-permeable separator configured to electrically insulate the anolyte from the catholyte.

42. The bulk energy storage system of claim 41, wherein the cathode active material comprises a manganese-based compound, iron-cyanide based compound, or a sulfur-based compound. (3) (0)

44. The bulk energy storage system of claim 42, wherein the electrochemical cell further comprises: (0) (2)

45. The bulk energy storage system of claim 42, wherein the separator comprises an anion exchange membrane (AEM), a cation exchange membrane (CEM), a nanofiltration membrane, an ultrafiltration membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, a polybenzimidazole-based membrane, a membrane including polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), or a combination thereof. (0)

46. The bulk energy storage system of claim 42, wherein the bulk energy storage system is a long duration energy storage (LODES) system. (0)

43. The bulk energy storage system of claim 41, wherein the separator comprises: (0) (2)

47-77. (canceled) (0)

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Application US20200006796

AQUEOUS POLYSULFIDE-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

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